The role of Japanese women in Japan during WWII Research Paper

The role of Japanese women in Japan during WWII - Research Paper Example The war started in 1939 and ended in 1945. The reason behind the massive destruction was that the participating nations committed all their industrial, economic and scientific capabilities so as to win the war (Global History network). Among the participants of the war was Japan. The country joined the war in 1937 after the Japanese army invaded China and captured its capital city; Beijing. This move was opposed by other nations including the Soviet Union which signed the non-aggressive pact with China pledging material support. This terminated the China’s prior cooperation with Germany. In 1939, the Japanese forces flooded the yellow river thus stalling the Chinese-Japanese invasion and consequently giving China time to mount a formidable defense. Later, the Japanese decided to invade the Soviet Union where their army experienced their first serious defeat. At this time, Japanese army developed cracks with some factions opposing the move to continue invading China allies. They thus proposed that they should abandon Soviet interests and focus efforts towards Europe and the Americas. This was a grave military and tactical mistake based on what transpired. Unites States responded to Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor by dropping atomic bombs on two Japanese towns; Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Millions died, property worth millions of dollars destroyed, and to date, scores of Japanese people suffer ailments like cancer that are directly or indirectly related to the two bombings (Kazuko). Majority of the participants in the war were the energetic men who could withstand tough conditions. This meant that women and children were left at home in most of the participating nations. Japan was not an exception where thousands of Japanese men went to the battle field. However, the women who were left behind also played significant roles in the war. Many women were left to look after their families and thus engaged in many

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay Example for Free

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where individuals migrate for educational and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs are definitely important pull factors for both internal and international migration (Welch, 1970). When people move, they also transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However, what might have been effective at home might be interpreted differently when placed in different socioeconomic contexts. Hence, the relative value of linguistic repertoire one possesses and how mobile are one’s language skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative value of linguistic resources affects one’s mobility and decisions in community interactions. Drawing on Blommaert’s study on the sociolinguistics of globalisation, this discussion will focus on how an individual’s linguistic repertoire is being used to one’s advantage within the community. It also highlights the changes which occur when one attempts to transfer the same linguistic repertoire as the shift to a place of varying cultural and linguistic ability. As Blommaert suggests, â€Å"placed resources are resources that are functional in one particular place but can become dysfunctional as soon as they are moved to other places† (Blommaert, 2003). Essentially, this essay seeks to expound on the changes of one’s linguistic repertoire and how it affects one’s interactions with new communities resulting from migration. Linguistic repertoire refers to linguistic varieties acquired by an individual to different degrees of proficiency and for different uses (Crystal, 1990). The acquisition of linguistic repertoire thus extends not only to the procurement of different types of language codes like English and Hindi, but also the speech styles and genres within each language. In light of this definition, this paper chooses to trace how one’s use of language repertoire might change in the context of internal migration and international migration. With this in mind, a migrant from India who experienced both types of migration was chosen. India boasts twenty-two official languages as per the Constitution of India, where English is determined as the secondary official language and is used as lingua franca throughout India. Within the context of this paper, the experiences of the migrant serve to provide personal insight on language mobility within the transmigrational arena. Research methodology and background of interviewee With this in mind, a fifty minute interview was carried out on 16th October 2012 to gather substantial data in order to provide a comparison between internal and international migration. The sole participant is Joshua Cherian, aged 24 who is currently pursuing a postgraduate education in Singapore. He was born and raised in Kerala, Southern India, after which he moved to Jamshedpur, Northern India to pursue a tertiary education before working in New Delhi. He was taught English at a young age and learnt Hindi during university, while his mother tongue is Malayalam. During the interview, questions were asked ranging from the interviewee’s experiences of language acquisition and his experiences in India and Singapore to language policies in India. Utilising his personal insights on adapting to different communities and observing it through the concepts provided in Blommaert’s study, the relative value of linguistic repertoire consequently becomes more obvious not only from country to country but also within different areas of the community. Language repertoire in internal migration Within India, it is said to have a de-facto three plus minus one language policy. Those who neither speak the language of the state nor the two official languages, English and Hindi, now have to grapple with learning four languages in order to pass the school systems and secure jobs within the modern sector (Laitin. D, 1989). Consequently, many people who migrate in the pursuit of education or jobs find it necessary to expand their language repertoire in order to compete for the chance of upward socioeconomic mobility within India. Joshua notes that: â€Å"There is a divide between the corporate world and industrial world, where managers and people in multinational companies speak in english, but those in manufacturing speak Hindi in work. In the north of India everyone speaks Hindi, so I had to learn Hindi. When I worked in Delhi, I spoke mostly Hindi in my workplace, because I am a manager of labourers and those who just passed tenth standard, they just need to make something so they don’t need English. People who do software need to interact with clients overseas, so it is important for them to speak English.† Due the demands of his job, Joshua was required to expand his language repertoire to include fluent Hindi in order to communicate with his subordinates effectively. Although English could have sufficed in interacting with white-collar professionals, learning Hindi would have enabled Joshua to ensure a smooth running of operations that he was in charge with. As such, it is observed that migrants tend to expand their language repertoire within internal migration according to which languages are most functional within their community. Furthermore, an expansion of linguistic repertoire also affects one’s interaction the community. As immigrants acquire proficiency in more languages, there is a tendency to broaden their participation in various communities within the area that they have settled in. This is especially evident in Joshua’s recount: â€Å"In India you would have to know many languages in order to fit into different communities. University students will use English because it is prestigious. It shows you are well educated. Outside of the education system, everyone speaks their own dialect or their own state language. I used to hang out with many friends when I was studying in Jamshedpur who came from all over India. I also managed to become my student governing body’s president, so speaking the many languages helped me reach out to a lot of people.† Even though migrants who migrate within their home country experience a new environment, there are common cultural familiarities that they can relate to by being in the same country. Naturally, this allows them to assimilate into the communities easily since they already share similar cultural and national identities. Rather, this pre-existing factor enables immigrants like Joshua to interact with different groups of people. Such a preference is also extremely beneficial to an individual within a new community as they are able to called upon a large network of acquaintances should they need help in the future. Hence, the broadening of one’s interaction with many communities would be positively correlated to the acquisition of language repertoire because both serve the same purpose of helping the migrant assimilate well into the new environment they are in. Language Repertoire in International Migration In contrast to internal migration, one’s use of language repertoire might decrease across different geographical spaces. It is noted that international migration denotes a shift to a foreign culture in which the values placed upon certain languages is different from one’s original country. As such, many migrants would utilise a language within their repertoire that is widely used in the world. Joshua relates his experience moving from India to Singapore: â€Å"When I first arrived in Singapore, everything was easy for me to get used to because I was already proficient in English. Even if I needed help, I could just approach anyone and they would reply me in English. I don’t even Hindi anymore because the friends and people I meet with speak only in English. Perhaps it is because there are so many races here so communication needs to be in a common language. Although I have friends from India here, they never speak in their mother tongue! Everyone would rather speak in English than Hindi! Despite Joshua’s extensive language repertoire, he only speaks in English in Singapore, thereby showing a decrease in language repertoire employed in daily life. In most cases of international migration, migrants often move from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘core’ of the world system. As one attempts to transfer one’s language repertoire from one country to another, the languages employed more frequently within the core global system would be more mobile compared to other languages. In particular, because Singapore is a multi-racial community, it requires English as a lingua franca in order to achieve cohesiveness and efficiency. Consequently, rather than expanding one’s linguistic repertoire to gain access to every community, a migrant in Singapore need only focus on speaking proficient English, which subsequently narrows his language repertoire within the host country. Parallel to one’s decrease in language repertoire, it is observed that migrants narrow their participation to a few communities that they are comfortable with. While migrants who migrate internally tend to broaden their participation in a wide array of communities, people who migrate internationally prefer to focus their efforts in interacting with a particular community where they feel most comfortable with. Joshua, expresses that: â€Å" I like to be in a place where I can interact with people well. When I came to Singapore, everybody spoke â€Å"Singlish†. It was especially hard for me to understand the jokes of my Singaporean friends. Thats why I wanted to be in a Christian group, so I went around to look for churches and even joined the varsity christian fellowship. Then I found a church cell group to be in and we could talk about common things, at least everyone there understands what I am going through when I talk about my struggles and life. I don’t meet with the Indian community much because everyone here speaks English anyway and I am more comfortable speaking in English, so when I talk about God and faith, I don’t get any puzzled looks when I am with church people† For most immigrants, being in a foreign community could be unsettling because there exists stark differences in culture that they might not understand. In Joshua’s case, not being able to understand Singlish hindered his active participation in various communities, especially in understanding humour within the sociocultural context of Singaporean society. As such, by participating in communities with specific shared beliefs that the migrant can identify with, it could be easier for him to assimilate into a new environment. Communities with shared beliefs also tend to share a similar use of register in their daily speech. Drawing on Joshua’s case of finding a christian community, a christian setting could be more comfortable for him because he understands the semantics of words such as â€Å"communion† and â€Å"faith† used frequently in that community. Additionally, by narrowing one’s participation to few communities, individuals would have more time to spend more effort on forging closer relationships within a particular communities. This in turn could be more beneficial to the migrant as this niche area of society provides a source of emotional support for the migrant in order to cope with the anxiety of being away from home. Conclusion What Joshua has experienced demonstrates the constant change of the value of language resources as he shifts between places in migration. This relative value of one’s linguistic resources is largely due to cultural and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the community to place emphasis on certain languages and speech styles. As such, an immigrant’s increase or decrease language repertoire is largely affected by the placed importance of certain languages within their host communities. In conclusion, this paper has asserts that language mobility is profoundly affected by the changing values of linguistic resources which vary from place to place, especially when there is a shift of resources from the periphery to the core of the world system. Whether one participates in a wide number of communities or chooses to focus their efforts in a single community depends on a change in one’s use of his language repertoire. References 0. Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: A Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4, 2003: 607-623 0. Crystal, D. (1990). A Liturgical Language in a Sociolinguistic Perspective. In D. R.C.D. Jasper (eds),Language and the worship of the church (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 120-46 0. Laitin D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political Strategy in India. Policy Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Policymaking in Developing Countries (1989), pp. 415-436 0. Welch F. (1970). ‘Education in Production, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1), January/February, 35-59

Hate Groups on the Internet Essay -- Ku Klux Klan KKK Neo Nazis skinhe

The Web of Hate Technology has provided our society with numerous innovations that have been created to improve the quality of life on a daily basis. One such innovation is the Internet. The access to a wide variety of information is perhaps the most valuable tool, as well as the most important tool, that we have entering the twenty-first century. There are virtually no limits on how much can be achieved through the use of the Internet. This is not, however, necessarily a good thing. Most people find that offensive material such as child pornography and hate-related propaganda can be viewed by people too easily via the Internet. While child pornography is a detestable subject, it does not have the sort of appeal that a hate group website does in that there are stricter guidelines preventing individuals from attaining child pornography material from the Internet. These stricter guidelines include the Communications Decency Act (1995), which forbids the use of the Internet for such purposes as attaining material of a child pornographic nature (Wolf, 2000). This law can also be used to monitor the hate group websites, but since the law is too broad, it is rarely held up in court. The hate group websites do, however, have a large enough following that there is legislation being formed to specifically target the material on the sites. Despite the highly offensive nature of hate group websites, the sites should not be censored because the right to free speech must be preserved. In this paper we will define what is considered to be hateful content; why this hateful content should be protected; what else can be done to monitor this material on the Internet; and when are the people cr... ...nt rights in order to completely abolish the views of a entire nation to stop the ignorant views of a much smaller portion of our great democratic nation. Works Cited 1. Control of the Internet at http://alamo.nmsu.edu/library/control.html 2. Join, Free Speech, and the Internet at http://www.orins.com/freespe.html 3. Borland, John, Neo-Nazi Group Sued for Online Threats (10/20/98) at http://content.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB19981020S0010 4. Wolf, Christopher, Racists, Bigots, and Law on the Internet at http://www.adl.org/internet/internet_law3.html 5. Creativity Online Church Sites for a New Era of Evolution. 18 Apr. 2000. World Church of the Creator. 20 at http://www.wcotc.com 6. Schleifer, Yigal. Cyber Hate, The Jerusalem Report May 24, 1999: 37+. 7. Schleifer, Yigal. Taming The Wild Web, The Jerusalem Report Jan. 31, 2000: 36.

Business Ethics and the Chinese Market Essay -- Business Ethics Essays

I believe that standard business ethics cannot be possible internationally. Culture varies from society to society. The change in culture varies due to various reasons it depends on economic and legal factors. Political and legal factors play a vital role and that differentiate from one culture to another that is why I believe that business ethics can never be universal. Considering the example of China where government put a check on online information. Google has a big concern over the Chinese market because many web pages were blocked within that region. Culture also have great influence in emerging economies as it can be observed that in many countries offering expensive gifts in corporate world is consider as bribe especially in United States or Canada while in few countries it is ethically acceptable. Here, sharing expensive gifts even to politician in power is illegal but companies provide them as a bribe otherwise they will not receive any favors from the government. To run smooth business it is important to not to have any barriers for that company avail this option of gifting bribe to high officials even the foreign corporation does not hesitate to follow this same practice. Chinese is suppose to be as the big market, which helps in generating revenues because of this reason Google had to change their ethical rules for China, and has to follow their rules and Chinese government also did not them to lose. The role of cooperation is to establish a relation of profit that creates a support to their investors. The rules and laws of the corporation follows the sets, which are made by National Government of the country where they are operating however, they do not mainly play a role in changing the ethics of the c... ...ucious%20connection%20120505%20science%20direct.pdf). Cox, T., and Blake, C. (1991). Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive vol. 5 (3). Retrieved from (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4165021?uid=3738832&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101348728463). Hitt, M., Lee, H., and Yumel, E. (2002). The Importance of Social Capital to the Management of Multinational Enterprises: Relational Networks among Asian and Western Firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management vol. 19 (2). Retrieved from (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016247920461?LI=true). Welbourne, P., Harrison, G., and Ford, D. (207). Social Work in UK and the Global Market Recruitment, Practice and Ethical Considerations. International Social Work vol. 5 (1). Retrieved from (http://isw.sagepub.com/content/50/1/27.short). Business Ethics and the Chinese Market Essay -- Business Ethics Essays I believe that standard business ethics cannot be possible internationally. Culture varies from society to society. The change in culture varies due to various reasons it depends on economic and legal factors. Political and legal factors play a vital role and that differentiate from one culture to another that is why I believe that business ethics can never be universal. Considering the example of China where government put a check on online information. Google has a big concern over the Chinese market because many web pages were blocked within that region. Culture also have great influence in emerging economies as it can be observed that in many countries offering expensive gifts in corporate world is consider as bribe especially in United States or Canada while in few countries it is ethically acceptable. Here, sharing expensive gifts even to politician in power is illegal but companies provide them as a bribe otherwise they will not receive any favors from the government. To run smooth business it is important to not to have any barriers for that company avail this option of gifting bribe to high officials even the foreign corporation does not hesitate to follow this same practice. Chinese is suppose to be as the big market, which helps in generating revenues because of this reason Google had to change their ethical rules for China, and has to follow their rules and Chinese government also did not them to lose. The role of cooperation is to establish a relation of profit that creates a support to their investors. The rules and laws of the corporation follows the sets, which are made by National Government of the country where they are operating however, they do not mainly play a role in changing the ethics of the c... ...ucious%20connection%20120505%20science%20direct.pdf). Cox, T., and Blake, C. (1991). Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive vol. 5 (3). Retrieved from (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4165021?uid=3738832&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101348728463). Hitt, M., Lee, H., and Yumel, E. (2002). The Importance of Social Capital to the Management of Multinational Enterprises: Relational Networks among Asian and Western Firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management vol. 19 (2). Retrieved from (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016247920461?LI=true). Welbourne, P., Harrison, G., and Ford, D. (207). Social Work in UK and the Global Market Recruitment, Practice and Ethical Considerations. International Social Work vol. 5 (1). Retrieved from (http://isw.sagepub.com/content/50/1/27.short).

Biblical Response

Debt, even if it is said to be a tool that can help one to prosper in life, I do not support that argument because debt can make one to live uncomfortable life full of stress. Debts enslave people, living their life to pay loans of money, which may otherwise have been spent extravagantly. Fro instance, borrowing money is easy such that people may be tempted to borrow without proper plan of use. This way, debts can make a person who was initially leading a prosperous life to loose his or her wealth.Influence of banks is one major factor that makes people to have debts since they have known on better ways of attracting customers to advance loans. Having debts beats the whole idea of living a disciplined life unless under unavoidable circumstances such as being unable to cater for your medical bills or education. When you tend to live with a lot of debts, it means you are trying to live a lifestyle that you can not afford. One should try to understand him or herself and put more efforts in order to improve ones life rather than being enslaved with debts.On the use of credit card, I do not agree whether one can manage credit card wisely and avoid having debts since credit cards are much tempting. It is true that people with credit cards tend to spent more than those who use their cash. This would obviously put an individual into unwarranted debts. Paying things with cash can enable one to even negotiate or bargain for reduction of the purchasing price where as is much impossible to bargain while using plastic money. In other words, it is easier to control money in from of cash than credit cards.Using credit card at the end makes one to spend more since one does not feel or realize the money being spent. Therefore, for one to avoid having debts there is need for one to use cash or debit cards whereby you have control of money spend. References Daveramsey. (2010). The Truth About Credit Card Debt. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. daveramsey. com/article/the- truth-about-credit-card-debt/ Daveramsey. (2010). The Truth About Debt. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. daveramsey.

Characteristics of an Effective School Principal

Characteristics of an Effective School Principal A school principals job is balanced between being rewarding and challenging. It is a difficult job, and like any job, there are people who are not able to handle it. There are certain characteristics of a highly effective principal that some people do not possess. Besides the obvious professional requirements needed to become a principal, there are several traits that good principals possess allowing them to do their job successfully. Each of these characteristics manifests themselves in the daily duties of a principal. A highly effective principal will possess each of the following seven qualities. A Principal  Must Exhibit Leadership This is a characteristic that every principal must possess. The principal is the instructional leader of their building. A good leader has to take responsibility for the successes and failures of her school. A good leader puts the needs of others in front of her own. A good leader is always looking to improve her school and then figures out how to make those improvements regardless of how difficult it might be. Leadership defines how successful any school is. A school without a strong leader will likely fail, and a principal who is not a leader will find herself without a job quickly. A Principal  Must Be Adept at Building Relationships With People If you dont like people you shouldnt be a principal. You have to be able to connect with each person you deal with on a daily basis. You have to find common ground and earn their trust. There are many groups of people that principals deal with daily including their superintendent, teachers, support staff, parents, students, and community members. Every group requires a different approach, and individuals within a group are unique in their own right. You never know who is going to walk into your office next. People come in with a variety of emotions including happiness, sadness, and anger. You have to be able to deal with each of those situations effectively by connecting with the person and showing him that you care about his unique situation. He has to believe that you will do whatever you can to make his situation better. A Principal  Must Balance Tough Love With Earned Praise This is especially true with your students and your teachers. You cant be a pushover, meaning that you let people get away with mediocrity. You have to set expectations high and hold those you are in charge of to those same standards. This means that there will be times when you have to reprimand people and likely hurt their feelings. It is a part of the job that isnt pleasant, but it is necessary if you want to run an effective school. At the same time, you must offer praise when it is appropriate. Dont forget to tell those teachers who are doing an extraordinary job that you appreciate them. Remember to recognize students who excel in the areas of academics, leadership and/or citizenship. An outstanding principal can motivate using a combination of both of these approaches. A Principal  Must Be Fair and Consistent Nothing can take away your credibility more quickly than being inconsistent in how you handle similar situations. While no two cases are exactly the same, you have to think about how you have handled other similar situations and continue on that same track. Students, in particular, know how you handle student discipline, and they make comparisons from one case to the next. If you are not fair and consistent, they will call you out on it. However, it is understandable that history will influence a principals decision. For example, if you have a student who has been in multiple fights and compare her to a student who has only had one fight, then you are justified in giving the student with multiple fights a longer suspension. Think all your decisions through, document your reasoning and be prepared when someone questions or disagrees with them. A Principal Must Be Organized and Prepared Each day presents a unique set of challenges and being organized and prepared is essential to meeting those challenges. You deal with so many variables as a principal that lack of organization will lead to ineffectiveness. No day is predictable. This makes being organized and prepared an essential quality. Each day you still have to come in with a plan or a to-do list with the understanding that you will probably only get about one-third of those things done. You also have to be prepared for just about anything. When you are dealing with that many people, there are so many unplanned things that can occur. Having policies and procedures in place to deal with situations is part of the necessary planning and preparation to be effective. Organization and preparation will help reduce stress when you are dealing with difficult or unique situations. A Principal  Must Be an Excellent Listener You never know when an angry student, a disgruntled parent or an upset teacher is going to walk into your office. You have to be prepared to deal with those situations, and that starts with being an exceptional listener. You can disarm most difficult situations simply by showing them that you care enough to listen to what they want to say. When someone wants to meet with you because they feel wronged in some way, you need to hear them out. This doesnt mean that you let them bash another person continuously. You can be firm on not letting them belittle a teacher or student, but allow them to vent without being disrespectful to another person. Be willing to go the next step in helping them resolve their issue. Sometimes that might be mediating between two students who have had a disagreement. Sometimes it might be having a discussion with a teacher to get his side of a story and then relaying that to the parent. It all begins with listening. A Principal  Must Be a Visionary​ Education is ever-evolving. There is always something bigger and better available. If you are not attempting to improve your school, you are not doing your job. This will always be an ongoing process. Even if you have been at a school for 15 years, there are still things you can do to improve the overall quality of your school. Each individual component is a working part of the larger framework of the school. Each of those components needs to be oiled every once in a while. You may have to replace a part that is not working. Occasionally you may even able to upgrade an existing part that was doing its job because something better was developed. You never want to be stale. Even your best teachers can get better. It is your job to see that no one gets comfortable and that everyone is working to improve continuously.

Role in Society - Position Paper essays

Role in Society - Position Paper essays The bullet point on "Corporate social responsibility" (a corporation "should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment") is a very good statement on the ethics a company should follow. Although it seems every time I read the paper, another company has apparently failed to live up to its responsibility to its stakeholders, shareholders, nor to the community in which it exists. And of course there has been plenty of news about how Enron, and WorldCom, and other companies that have "cooked" their books to falsely inflate their stock values, and where key executives have swindled their own companies out of millions. What this course alerted me to was that when an executive of a big corporation steals money by presenting fraudulent earnings reports, and then goes to court and receives a fine, he still walks away with a lot of money. He still keeps his beach facing condo. And all the shareholders who lose their retirement money because of the swindle have to make do with what little they can scrape together for retirement. How can these people get up in the morning and look in the mirror' Knowing that thousands of former colleagues and fellow employees lost their savings because of your greed, how could you face yourself or your family and not feel like crawling into a dark cave somewhere and never re-emerging' My view of business has changed, as I now see myself more in the "consumer" and "stakeholder" groups of America; and I find myself looking through the business pages of the USA Today, or other newspapers, just to see what latest scandal, swindle, rip-off or other Closer to my own issues with business, however, is the ...

A Guide to the Purchasing Power Parity Theory

A Guide to the Purchasing Power Parity Theory Purchasing-power parity (PPP) is an economic concept that states that the  real exchange rate  between domestic and foreign goods is equal to one, though it does not mean that the  nominal exchange rates  are constant or equal to one.   Put another way, PPP supports the idea that identical items in different countries should have the same real prices in another, that a person who purchases an item domestically should be able to sell it in another country and have no money left over. This means that the amount of purchasing power that a consumer has does not depend on what currency with which he or she is making purchases. The Dictionary of Economics defines the PPP theory as one that states that the exchange rate between one currency and another is in equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that  rate of exchange  are equivalent. Understanding Purchasing-Power Parity in Practice To better understand how this concept would apply to real-world economies, look at the United States dollar versus the Japanese yen. Say, for example, that one U.S. dollar (USD) can buy about 80 Japanese yen (JPY). While that would make it appear that United States citizens have less purchasing power, the PPP theory implies that there is an interaction between nominal prices and nominal exchange rates so that, for example, items in the United States that sell for one dollar would sell for 80 yen in Japan, which is a concept known as the real exchange rate. Take a look at another example. First, suppose that one USD is currently selling for 10 Mexican pesos (MXN) on the exchange rate market. In the United States, wooden baseball bats sell for $40 while in Mexico they sell for 150 pesos. Since the exchange rate is one to 10, then the $40 USD bat would only cost $15 USD if bought in Mexico. Theres an advantage to purchasing the bat in Mexico, so consumers are much better off going to Mexico to buy their bats. If consumers decide to do this, we should expect to see three things happen: American consumers desire Mexican Pesos to purchase baseball bats in Mexico. So they go to an  exchange rate  office and sell their American Dollars and buy Mexican Pesos, and this will cause the Mexican Peso to become more valuable relative to the U.S. Dollar.The demand for baseball bats sold in the United States decreases, so the price American retailers charge goes down.The demand for baseball bats sold in Mexico increases, so the price Mexican retailers charge goes up. Eventually, these three factors should cause the exchange rates and the prices in the two countries to change such that we have purchasing power parity. If the U.S. Dollar declines in value to a one to eight ratio to Mexican pesos, the price of baseball bats in the United States goes down to $30 each, and the price of baseball bats in Mexico goes up to 240 pesos each, we will have purchasing power parity. This is because a consumer can spend $30 in the United States for a baseball bat, or he can take his $30, exchange it for 240 pesos and buy a baseball bat in Mexico and be no better off. Purchasing Power Parity and the Long Run Purchasing-power parity theory tells us that price differentials between countries are not sustainable in the long run as market forces will equalize prices between countries and change exchange rates in doing so. You might think that my example of consumers crossing the border to buy baseball bats is unrealistic as the expense of the longer trip would wipe out any savings you get from buying the bat for a lower price. However, it is not unrealistic to imagine an individual or company buying hundreds or thousands of the bats in Mexico then shipping them to the United States for sale. It is also not unrealistic to imagine a store like Walmart purchasing bats from the lower cost manufacturer in Mexico instead of the higher cost manufacturer in Mexico. In the long run, having different prices in the United States and Mexico is not sustainable because an individual or company will be able to gain an arbitrage profit by buying the good cheaply in one market and selling it for a higher price in the other market. Since the price for any one good should be equal across markets, the price for any combination or basket of goods should be equalized. Thats the theory, but it doesnt always work in practice.   How Purchasing-Power Parity is Flawed in Real Economies Despite its intuitive appeal, purchasing-power parity does not generally hold in practice because PPP relies on the presence of arbitrage opportunities - opportunities to  buy items at a low price in one place and sell them at a higher price in another - to bring prices together in different countries. Ideally, as a result, prices would converge because the buying activity would push prices in one country up and the selling activity would push prices in the other country down. In reality, there are various transaction costs and barriers to trade that limit the ability to make prices converge via market forces. For example, its unclear how one would exploit arbitrage opportunities for services across different geographies, since its often difficult, if not impossible, to transport services without additional costs from one place to another. Nevertheless, purchasing-power parity is an important concept to consider as a baseline theoretical scenario, and, even though purchasing-power parity might not hold perfectly in practice, the intuition behind it does place practical limits on how much real prices can diverge across countries. Limiting Factors to Arbitrage Opportunities Anything which limits the free trade of goods will limit the opportunities people have in taking advantage of these arbitrage opportunities. A few of the larger limits are: Import and Export Restrictions: Restrictions such as quotas,  tariffs, and laws will make it difficult to buy goods in one market and sell them in another. If there is a 300% tax on imported baseball bats, then in our second example it is no longer profitable to buy the bat in Mexico instead of the United States. The U.S. could also pass a law  making  it illegal to import baseball bats. The effect of quotas and tariffs were covered in more detail in Why Are Tariffs Preferable to Quotas?.Travel Costs: If it is costly to transport goods from one market to another, we would expect to see a difference in prices in the two markets. This even happens in places that use the same currency; for  instance, the price of goods is lower in Canadian cities such as Toronto and Edmonton than it is in more remote parts of Canada such as Nunavut.Perishable Goods: It may be simply physically impossible to transfer goods from one market to another. There may be a place which sells cheap sandwic hes in New York City, but that doesnt help me if I am living in San Francisco. Of course, this effect is mitigated by the fact that many of the ingredients used in making the sandwiches are transportable, so we would expect that sandwich makers in New York and San Francisco should have similar material costs. This is the basis  of  the Economists famous Big Mac Index, which is detailed in their must-read article McCurrencies. Location: You cannot buy a piece of property in Des Moines and move it to Boston. Because of that real-estate prices in markets can vary wildly. Since the price of land is not the same everywhere, we would expect this to have an impact on prices, as retailers in Boston have higher expenses than retailers in Des Moines. So while purchasing power parity theory helps us understand exchange rate differentials, exchange rates do not always converge in the long run the way PPP theory predicts.

Tell a story of significance to your family. Tell it in scene Essay

Tell a story of significance to your family. Tell it in scene - Essay Example My grandfather chose to go with Batista, Cuba’s former president; he collaborated with the US and became an American spy. This way, he gained an asylum in America together with his family when things turned sour back in Cuba. I can still remember that day; it was a chilly Thursday in 1961. Grandpa woke everyone up unusually early, urging us to get ready as we were relocating to a safer place. When all of us were ready, I heard a rumbling sound outside our house. ‘Grandpa, what is that? Why are we dressed up?’ I had a thousand more questions to ask him. He leaned on his knee, took my arms in his and said’ my dear, do not worry. That is an American helicopter that will take us to our new home.’ The thought of flying in a helicopter calmed down my fears and uncertainties. From the helicopter, I could see the beautiful world below. My younger brother missed all this, as he was fast asleep in my grandpa’s laps. Within a short time, we landed in Miami international airport. I marveled at its size and beauty. A van already packed there was waiting to take us to our home. Everyone was excited and tired at the same time. We settled in Little Havana, which is renowned for its large population of immigrants initially Jewish, but currently hosts many Cubans. Little Havana occupies the western side of the great Miami. I loved it

Imago Dei Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Imago Dei - Research Paper Example In this attempt, Christianity, Judaism and Islam consider mankind as an image of God or consider them being created in the image of God. Genesis and Psalm are the Old Testament that are widely accepted and used as reference while discussing Imago Dei. Other testament passages are James 3:9 and 1 Corinthians 11:7. In order to understand the definition of Imago Dei, it is important to consider the actual meaning that can be derived out of this term, its theological aspects and human attributes that are perceived as a reflection of God and other perspectives present related to its functional view, relational capacity, humankind’s destiny and intellectual formation. Imago Dei not only emphasizes on religious aspects of this notion but also attempts to derive a scientific view out of this conception. In specific contexts, Christianity provides four definitions of Imago Dei. According to these definitions, humans bear similarity to God, they are God’s counterpart in this univ erse, human have dominion in this universe, and they are God’s representatives2. Substantive View of Imago Dei According to Gardoski, content and context of Genesis 1:26 help in viewing Imago Dei in a substantive manner. This substantive view illustrates that God has provided man with intelligence, volition, morality and spirituality. These characteristics helps man in operating as God on earth and this is how God has restored himself in creation of man which also differentiates him from other living beings. These spiritual and non-material aspects when combine with a physical body form a human in a holistic view3. Existence of man, his ability to function independently and rule the land does not make him capable of being a reflection of God. Instead, God gave him this body as a vessel or mean to enjoy the resources provided to him. However, along with these earthly blessings, he is also given an opportunity to exercise two significant corollaries of God’s image. These corollaries demand man to rule over other creation as the representative of God in whom all the trust and power of God has been bestowed along with enjoying cordial relationship with the creator and his creations. These corollaries provide us an indication as to why God made man his representative and created him in his image. Hence, this body provided to man is just a mean of fulfilling God’s will4. As far as view of a fallen man is concerned, a fallen man is a sinner who has digressed from the path of God but remains God’s creation and thus, inherits a reflection of God. However, for a fallen man, it is important to renew himself to be and act like God and live a life as God intends man to live. On the other hand, Christianity renders Jesus Christ as an example of restoration of Godly image in man and salvation believers expect to renew themselves in the same manner. Although attempt of seeking salvation in Jesus Christ does not restore the same image of God instead it affects the behavior and mannerism of the believer to match the conduct of God. Substantive view further illustrates that man attempts to match his actions to God’s and tries to seek conformity even in the daily life activities. Functional View of Imago Dei Imago Dei helps in identifying the functional purpose of humankind and his existence in a corporate sense. Hence, valuation of mankind can be performed and assessed. According to excerpts of Genesis in Klasson’

Why are people in the year 2013 afraid to overcome their issues with Research Paper

Why are people in the year 2013 afraid to overcome their issues with diversity - Research Paper Example Diversity is virtually unavoidable. It will always come out in any societal settings. This can include at school, place of work or at social functions. These three settings are the most common under which aspect of diversity gets experienced. One reason why people fear to overcome their issues with diversity is because of perfectionism. Perfectionists tend to believe in the notion that they belong to a different class from the rest of their colleagues in any settings. This may be attributed to several reasons (Williams, 2013). One such reason is having completed education earlier than your colleagues and by doing so, having had gotten better grades. This makes them get held as among the elite in any society and as a result, they seek to justify their treatment by the same society. Most perfectionists fear failing, getting disapproved or making mistakes. This further makes it difficult for perfectionists to appreciate any diversity in their diversity. They find themselves unable to accept that other people in the same field or setting may have different ideas from their ideas. Perfectionism can, therefore, be viewed as a problem rather than a positive attribute. Perfectionists can be found virtually in all settings of a society. In a school setting, perfectionists may be those students who have had a relatively good academic record. Such students in most cases find themselves detached from their colleagues due to their impressive performance. This detachment can lead to a condition where the student always strives to impress their colleagues with a view to ‘disapproving’ them. The student, therefore, lives a life of fear of making a mistake (Williams, 2013). In a working place, people to whom authority has been bestowed upon them will in most cases try to be impressive to their juniors. Such staff may find it hard to be always at

SLP - 1 Routine and Goodwill Emails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SLP - 1 Routine and Goodwill Emails - Essay Example It will allow the different campus departments to understand their responsibility as well as cut back on costs immensely. Employees would have to empty their own trash baskets unlike what used to happen in the past. The recycling efforts shall pave the way for the overall development of the departments at the campus, and reduce the budget constraints which are being faced at the present. Also this shall help the employees to do a bit of exercise which is always a good step for their health and well-being. We believe that this step will help reduce the departmental custodial costs and go a long way in helping the employees deal with the recycling efforts. This will be a good step that shall save the campus a considerable amount of money as well as help the environment with efficient modes of recycling on a regular basis. The campus is delighted to announce that yet again its priorities are set on bringing new and novel methods to save on costs that are incurred every year. We have thought of a unique way to settle the costs that have been mounting for a considerable time period now. Since we have always valued the services, we do not believe in cutting them down at any cost. However, the 25 percent budget reduction is a figure that we meet this year and in order to sustain such a pressing concern, we have decided to go ahead with our recycling efforts which will not only save time but also money. Now the employees would be asked to empty their trash baskets themselves by taking a walk to the trash bins. It will not only refresh the employees since there will be exercise for them but would also contribute to the environment in one or the other way. We are confident that this small step in building confidence within the employees even further. We have always valued your work and look forward to positive contributions on your part in the future as well. Both the emails are direct and go ahead with the

Critical review of methogolgies used within identifed lit serached Literature

Critical of methogolgies used within identifed lit serached articles - Literature review Example Alcohol addiction is seen in the dimensions of tolerance and dependence. â€Å"Tolerance is a state of adaption in which more and more alcohol is needed to produce desired effect. Physical dependence means upon interruption of drinking, a characteristic withdrawal syndrome appears which is relieved by more alcohol intake† (Suillivan, 2012, p. 13). This implies that alcohol tolerance is a situation where a person has come to a point where his body and system desires specified volumes of alcohol to function. This means the person has gotten to a point where drinking is more of a norm and his body has come to terms with the fact that alcohol is essential to his wellbeing and continuous existence. Physical dependency on alcohol implies that a person seem to get social challenges like seeking to be away from other people when s/he does not get to consume alcohol. In other words, physical dependence or alcohol addiction implies that a person cannot socialize or relate to others when that individual does not consume an amount of alcohol that s/he is used to. Alcohol addiction is therefore a maladaptive pattern of alcohol consumption that involves alcohol abuse and dependence on alcohol (Shenton & Turetsky, 2010). Numerous treatments have been put forward for dealing with alcohol abuse and alcohol addiction. One of such treatments is the drug, Acamprosate. Acamprosate works to reduce dependency and desire for alcohol. It therefore helps to cut down on the volume of alcohol consumed and enables a person to become more independent of alcohol. Acamprosate is said to work best where there is a support from a group or an expert in order to enable the patient to get guidance and assistance in abstinence. Acamprosate can therefore be said to be a drug that works with the combination of an administrator or a medical professional as well as other behavioural scientists like psychologists and counsellors who provide various

SLP - 1 Routine and Goodwill Emails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SLP - 1 Routine and Goodwill Emails - Essay Example It will allow the different campus departments to understand their responsibility as well as cut back on costs immensely. Employees would have to empty their own trash baskets unlike what used to happen in the past. The recycling efforts shall pave the way for the overall development of the departments at the campus, and reduce the budget constraints which are being faced at the present. Also this shall help the employees to do a bit of exercise which is always a good step for their health and well-being. We believe that this step will help reduce the departmental custodial costs and go a long way in helping the employees deal with the recycling efforts. This will be a good step that shall save the campus a considerable amount of money as well as help the environment with efficient modes of recycling on a regular basis. The campus is delighted to announce that yet again its priorities are set on bringing new and novel methods to save on costs that are incurred every year. We have thought of a unique way to settle the costs that have been mounting for a considerable time period now. Since we have always valued the services, we do not believe in cutting them down at any cost. However, the 25 percent budget reduction is a figure that we meet this year and in order to sustain such a pressing concern, we have decided to go ahead with our recycling efforts which will not only save time but also money. Now the employees would be asked to empty their trash baskets themselves by taking a walk to the trash bins. It will not only refresh the employees since there will be exercise for them but would also contribute to the environment in one or the other way. We are confident that this small step in building confidence within the employees even further. We have always valued your work and look forward to positive contributions on your part in the future as well. Both the emails are direct and go ahead with the

Six Degrees Could Change the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Six Degrees Could Change the World - Essay Example One scene from the movie seemed harmless enough. It was merely a vineyard estate producing wine-quality grapes in England. It may seem harmless, but in reality, this is a compelling evidence of global warming effects already occurring around the world. Only a few years ago, it was truly impossible to cultivate wine-quality grapes in a weather environment such as ones in England. As favorable as this weather transformation is for English wine industry, such a transformation signals the end of the world for observers of universal weather modifications. Wine grapes budding in England is a clear indication that its regular daily temperature has augmented perhaps by a couple of degrees already. The documentary brings forward numerous actual examples and instances of early global warming. In addition, Bowman's direction is most solid in this part of the film. Baldwin's telling together with these illustrations of global warming in addition to the end of time situations of what might and wi ll happen if temperature continues to increase make Six Degrees Could Change the World among the best of 2008's ecological documentary films.With this, the film has definitely moved and changed the perspective and outlook of its viewers such as myself about the reality the world is facing right now. Without any remarkable change from our own selves, with the determination and will to actually save our planet, our home, the world will be destroyed. We must be the change that will stop the destruction of our only beautiful and amazing world.

Evidence Rule Essay Example for Free

Evidence Rule Essay The best evidence rule pertains to the rule that the evidence that is permissible on the court is that evidence which is original. It is because when copies of evidence are made, there is a possibility that the copy will be altered or tampered so copies are not the best evidence. The best evidence to be presented would be the original evidence. The best evidence rule implies that copies or unoriginal evidences be not permissible to the court. I think it is because the only thing that could prove the document and the involvement of that document would be the evidence itself. And the content cannot be compromised because it may lead to false conclusion of the proceedings. It is also called the â€Å"original writing rule† (Bergman Berman-Barrett, 2008) This will be discussed further later. However, a secondary source may be used as the evidence to be presented on a court trial if the original is not available. The original is pertained as the primary source. A primary source is that which is original and has come or created during an event. A secondary source would be those sources that resulted from the primary source. The content of a secondary source contains information or opinions regarding to the primary source (Eamon, 2004). It means that the secondary source comes only after the primary source and is just related to the source. So, a copy is not necessarily a secondary source. It may be a copy of a primary source. In a court trial, the primary source is what is usually preferred to be introduced. When it is not available, secondary source can be used, as said earlier. The best evidence rule states that as long as the original document is available, that should be produced for a court trial. A secondary source will only be admissible if the original document is not available. So when the original document is difficult to produce, it doesn’t mean that the secondary source can be used as an alternative. The lawyer should do his best to produce that original document. This is what it meant for the original writing rule. As I’ve mentioned earlier, the content of a document would be the document itself. There can be biases if secondary sources will be used in place of the original document. An example of introducing a secondary source in place of the primary source will be when a document that would prove that there really has been a contract been lost, say, in a fire. A secondary source, in a form of a testimony can be used as evidence. References: Bergman, Paul and Sara Berman-Barrett. 2007. Represent Yourself in Court: How to Prepare and Try a Winning Case. USA: NOLO. Eamon, Michael. 2004. Defining Primary and Secondary Resources. Library And Archives Canada. Retrieved 10 May 2009 from http://www . collectionscanada. gc. ca/education/008-3010-e. html.

Work is one of the main ways individuals participate

Work is one of the main ways individuals participate Work is one of the main ways individuals participate in society and the workplace will be one of the principal communities to which a worker belongs. Judicial recognition of this has been slow to emerge. Traditionally the courts have focused very strongly on the employee's financial interest in the relationship. By so doing they tended to ignore the fact that what workers gain from employment is not merely wages. For instance, 'A person's employment is an essential component of his or her sense of identity, self-worth and emotional well-being[1].† Therefore this assignment will consider whether or not the duty of trust and confidence should be implied into every employment contract on policy grounds. This will be achieved by a detailed discussion of the position of mutual trust and confidence, including its development into the employment relationship. It will consider in detail the judicial position of mutual trust and confidence, it will be argued that this has become synonymous with the duty of trust and confidence, and the rationale for its inclusion can be seen as that of public policy. It is well known that an employer is subject to certain implied duties. One of the most important of these duties is the implied term of mutual trust and confidence, which as Cabrelli[2] points out â€Å"which from the perspective of the obligations imposed upon the employer, has been expressed as a duty upon the employer not, without reasonable and proper cause, to act in such a way as would be calculated or likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of trust and confidence existing between the employer and its employees[3]† The breadth of the definition of the implied duty of trust and confidence has spawned much litigation in recent years. This implied term has also generated a great deal of academic attention, having been described as assuming a 'central position in the law of the contract of employment[4]', as being 'undoubtedly the most powerful engine of movement in the modern law of employment contracts[5]' and as forming the 'cornerstone of the legal construction of the contract of employment[6]'. There is a view that the implied term of trust and confidence may evolve to engulf the more 'traditional' implied terms and this has been well expressed in academic circles. For instance, Freedland points out that: â€Å"Almost any particular implied term of the contract of employment could in theory be placed under [the] umbrella [of the general obligation of mutual trust and confidence]; it remains to be seen how far this framework approach will lead to the swallowing up of existing, hitherto distinct, implied terms[7]†. Whilst there have been a number of notable recent common law developments, the most significant may well be the emergence of mutual trust and confidence. This is in part because '[T]he open-textured nature of the term makes it an ideal conduit through which the courts can channel their views as to how the employment relationship should operate[8].' For instance, Hepple suggests, with reference to the ECHR, that 'since the court must act compatibly with convention rights, the duty of trust and confidence also embodies a duty to respect the convention rights of an employee[9]'. Another reason is the wide-range of situations which have been held to fall within the ambit of the term[10]. Moreover, it may be that in time, 'the obligation will come to be seen as the core common law duty which dictates how employees should be treated during the course of the employment relationship[11]'. Trust and confidence' is used to refer to a type of fiduciary relationship the key element of which is the duty to act in the interest of another. In employment law, however, trust and confidence has a different meaning. It refers to an obligation implied into all employment contracts, which requires the parties not to conduct themselves in a way which is likely or calculated to destroy the relationship of trust and confidence between them. As an implied term it is subject to the usual rules of implication, including the possibility that the parties may be able to exclude its application[12]. Furthermore, the implied obligation of trust and confidence is mutual, in that both employer and employee must maintain a good working relationship. Fiduciary duties, on the other hand, are not mutual; they are always owed by one person to another. The notion of trust and confidence developed out of the well-established requirement of co-operation. Despite its name, this duty was traditionally imposed on employees only, most notably in the form of the obligations of obedience and faithful service[13]. In the mid to late 1970s the courts began to reverse the duty of co-operation and to impose new obligations on employers. At first this occurred in cases where there was a particular relationship between the parties[14] or where the conduct of the employer was particularly serious[15]. A general principle was formulated in Wood v Freeloader[16], where the chairman of the tribunal held that 'there is an implied duty of co-operation between employer and employee and in particular a duty implied by law that an employer will not do anything which would undermine the continuation of the confidential relationship between employer and employee'. The present formulation of the implied term was finally put forward in the case of Courtaulds Northern Textiles Ltd v Andrew[17], and was accepted by the Court of Appeal in Lewis v Motorworld Garages Ltd[18] and by the House of Lords in Malik v BCCI[19]. It has, therefore, been argued that the concept of trust and confidence was developed in employment law through the adaptation of an existing contractual concept, without reference to fiduciary duties. In recent years both courts and academics have recognised that employment is in many respects not comparable to a straightforward exchange-based contract, and that therefore a significant degree of co-operation is required of both parties. However, contract remains at the heart of the employment relationship, and in classic contract law, the parties are only obliged to co-operate to the extent that is necessary to make performance of the agreement possible[20]. In the context of employment this means that each party must have regard to the interests of the other, but, as Elias J rightly emphasised in Fishel, they need not put those interests ahead of their own. In his paper 'Beyond Exchange: The New Contract of Employment[21]' Brodie raises the question as to 'whether the law of the employment contract as a whole will continue to evolve so that the contract could be categorised as one of good faith. To put it another way, will the contract become one of good faith rather than merely a contract which contains elements of good faith'. This recognition of the implied term's potential for further development is to be welcomed. Linda Clarke has also formulated an argument for a changed perception of the employment relationship, on the basis of the implied term: 'by recognising the employment relationship as a fiduciary one, it will be easier to argue for the extension of the implied term of mutual trust and confidence to cover positive duties to give employees information'. It is certainly true that the employee in University of Nottingham v Eyett[22] would have been better off, had his employer been under a duty to volunteer information. However, this result can be achieved without turning employment into a fiduciary relationship. There is no reason why the implied obligation to maintain trust and confidence should not be used to impose positive duties on both employers and employees. If used to its full potential, it can provide an adequate degree of employee protection. Regarding employment as fiduciary in nature would, instead of advancing employee rights, carry serious negative connotations f or employee autonomy, by exposing employees to a corresponding duty to provide information. The case of Visa International Service Association v Paul[23] is a case which is worthy of consideration here. In this case it was held that an employer breached the implied duty of trust and confidence where they failed to inform an employee of the emergence of a post for which she considered herself suitable. Indeed, it provides support for the emergence of an overarching and distinct concept of trust and confidence since it suggests that an employee can be successful if they raise a claim for recovery of economic loss for a failure of the employer to inform based on a repudiatory breach of the duty of trust and confidence[24]. One view of the result in Visa International is that it conceptualises the duty of trust and confidence as an overarching premise distinct from the other 'traditional' implied duties. An important issue which the courts and tribunals have had to consider is the import of an express term in a contract of employment which is, on the face of it, incompatible with an implied term. The question here is whether the latter is sufficient to disapply the former or vice versa-in other words, what happens in the case of a 'clash of contractual terms'? Johnstone is the most important case in this area and deals with this issue. In Johnstone, the written contract of employment stated that a junior doctor was under a duty to work 40 hours a week and that the employer had the discretion to compel the employee to work for a further 48 hours per week. What is noteworthy is that there was no express waiver of the implied duty to exercise reasonable care. Instead, the question was whether the express terms on working hours were disapplied by the implied duty to exercise reasonable care. In Johnstone[25], the judges in the Court of Appeal were divided on how to deal with the incompatibility issue. To summarise, in his dissenting judgement, Leggatt LJ held that an implied term could not supersede an express term. Conversely, Stuart-Smith LJ held that an express term could be disapplied by an implied term where the two conflicted and the implied term ought to prevail based on 'principle'. Browne-Wilkinson V-C held that the implied term must coexist with the express term without conflict. The 'Browne-Wilkinson' approach can be reformulated in two ways: First, as another way of saying that an implied term cannot supersede an express term; or, alternatively, as holding that the scope of the employer's implied duties required to be carved with reference to the express terms of the contract. The question is whether the analysis in Johnstone translates to the implied duty of trust and confidence. The answer would appear to be that the effect of the incompatibility problem is resolved in the same way, regardless of the type of implied duty. Second, and shifting the focus from the generic employment contract to the implied duty of trust and confidence itself, the courts have indicated obiter that they will uphold exercises in contracting out of the implied duty. In Malik, Lord Steyn stated that the implied term of mutual trust and confidence operated as a default rule, and that the parties were free to exclude it or modify it[26]. This analysis is entirely consistent with the decision of the House of Lords in Johnson v Unisys Ltd[27]. Of course, there are limits to the doctrine of contracting out. For example, the argument in Horkulak v Cantor Fitzgerald International[28] that the size of an employee's remuneration and benefits package written into their contract of em ployment justified the disapplication of the duty of trust and confidence was not upheld. However, what we do have is an indication by the House of Lords that the implied duty is a default rule and as such susceptible to exclusion, modification or limitation. For this reason, the writer would submit that based on the conceptual underpinning of UCTA and the dicta of Lord Steyn in the House of Lords on a balanced view, contracting out of the implied duty of trust and confidence is possible. There is a view that the mutual duty of trust and confidence is unavailable in a positive sense to compel the employer to take action or enjoin conduct. Instead, it is said that its main purpose is to prohibit conduct damaging to the employment relationship. The argument holds that one means of distinguishing between the two implied duties is by invoking the positive/negative dichotomy. However, it is submitted that the assertion that the duty of trust and confidence only applies in a negative context, i.e. to hold that the conduct of the employer amounted to a repudiatory breach of contract is incorrect. There are many cases which demonstrate that omissions by an employer will also be sufficient to amount to a repudiatory breach of the duty of trust and confidence. For example, in Reed v Stedman[29], the employer's failure to investigate an employee's complaints (to colleagues) of sexual harassment was enough to justify a finding of breach of trust and confidence. On the basis of the above cases[30], it would appear that the positive/negative conduct dichotomy cannot be used as a means of denying evidence for the evolution of an abstractual, all-embracing concept of mutual trust and confidence which is equivalent to the sum of its parts. An analysis of the law in this area and of academic opinion, demonstrates quite clearly the need for the duty of trust and confidence, it is difficult to see how an employment contract can succeed without such an implicit duty. This is a basic duty which in its simplest form requires the employer to respect the worker and for the worker to respect his employee, it is difficult to see how an employment relationship could be successful without this basic requirement, despite judicial opinion to the contrary. Therefore it must be concluded, that currently all successful employment relationships require this basic duty to succeed, and in response to the question posed public policy does require that such a duty be imposed into every successful employment contract. This would not only regulate the employment relationship but it would ensure that it was a happy and successful relationship, one that benefited society. Bibliography Cases Croft v Consignia plc [2002] IRLR 851 Courtaulds Northern Textiles Ltd v Andrew [1979] IRLR 84 Fyfe McGrouther v Byrne [1977] IRLR 29 Isle of Wight Tourist Board v Coombes [1976] IRLR 413 Johnson v Unisys Limited [2001] IRLR 279 Johnstone v Bloomsbury Area Health Authority [1991] IRLR 118 Lewis v Motorworld Garages Ltd [1984] IRLR 465 Malik v BCCI [1997] IRLR 462 Nottingham v Eyett [1999] IRLR 87 Re Public Service Employee Relations Act [1987] 1 SCR Reed v Stedman [1999] IRLR 299 TSB Bank v Harris [2000] IRLR 157 Visa International Service Association v Paul [2004] IRLR 42 Wood v Freeloader [1977] IRLR 455 Waltons v Morse Dorrington [1997] IRLR 488 Journal Articles Brodie D, (1998) â€Å"Beyond Exchange: The New Contract of Employment† 27 Industrial Law Journal 79 Burrows,(1968) â€Å"Contractual Co-operation and the Implied Term† 31 Modern Law Review 390 Brodie D,(1996) 'The Heart of the Matter: Mutual Trust and Confidence' 25 Industrial Law Journal 121 Collins H,(2003)†Employment Law†, Oxford: Oxford University Press Collins H,(2003)†Employment Law†, Oxford: Oxford University Press Books Bowers J Honeyball S, (2002) â€Å"Bowers and Honeyball Textbook on L Labour Law†, Oxford University Press Cabrelli D, (2005) â€Å"The Implied Term of Mutual Trust and Confidence: An Emerging Overarching Principle?† Industrial Law Journal 34 (284) Deakin s Morris G, (2003) â€Å"Labour Law†, Third Edition, Lexis Nexis Dudington J, (2003) â€Å"Employment Law†, Pearson Higher Education Freedland M,(2003) â€Å"The Personal Employment Contract† Oxford: Oxford University Press Lewis D Sargeant M, (2005) â€Å"Employment Law† , Pearson Higher Education Press Willey B, (2003) â€Å"Employment Law in Context†, Pearson Professional Education 1 Footnotes [1] Re Public Service Employee Relations Act [1987] 1 SCR 313 at 368, per Dickson CJ J [2] Cabrelli D, (2005) â€Å"The Implied Term of Mutual Trust and Confidence: An Emerging Overarching Principle?† Industrial Law Journal 34 (284) [3] Malik v BCCI [1998] AC 20, 35 per Lord Nicholls and 45 per Lord Steyn adopting the wording of Browne-Wilkinson J in Woods v WM Car Services (Peterborough) Ltd [1981] ICR 666, 670 [4] Brodie D,(2001) â€Å"Mutual Trust and the Values of the Employment Contract†30 Industrial Law Journal 84 [5] Freedland M,(2003) â€Å"The Personal Employment Contract† Oxford: Oxford University Press [6]Collins H,(2003)†Employment Law†, Oxford: Oxford University Press, [7] Freedland M,(2003) â€Å"The Personal Employment Contract† Oxford: Oxford University Press at page 159 [8] Brodie D,(1996) 'The Heart of the Matter: Mutual Trust and Confidence' 25 Industrial Law Journal 121 at 126 [9] Brodie D,(1996) 'The Heart of the Matter: Mutual Trust and Confidence' 25 Industrial Law Journal [10] Brodie D,(1996) 'The Heart of the Matter: Mutual Trust and Confidence' 25 Industrial Law Journal [11] Brodie D,(1996) 'The Heart of the Matter: Mutual Trust and Confidence' 25 Industrial Law Journal [12] See Malik v BCCI [1997] IRLR 462; Johnstone v Bloomsbury Area Health Authority [1991] IRLR 118 [13] see, for example, Secretary of State for Employment v Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (No 2) [1972] 2 QB 455 [14] Isle of Wight Tourist Board v Coombes [1976] IRLR 413 [15] Fyfe McGrouther v Byrne [1977] IRLR 29 [16] [1977] IRLR 455 [17] [1979] IRLR 84 [18] [1984] IRLR 465 [19] [1997] IRLR 462 [20] Burrows,(1968) â€Å"Contractual Co-operation and the Implied Term† 31 Modern Law Review 390 [21] Brodie D, (1998) â€Å"Beyond Exchange: The New Contract of Employment† 27 Industrial Law Journal 79 [22] [1999] IRLR 87 [23] [2004] IRLR 42 [24] Cabrelli D, (2005) â€Å"The Implied Term of Mutual Trust and Confidence: An Emerging Overarching Principle?† Industrial Law Journal 34 (284) [25] Johnson v Unisys Limited [2001] IRLR 279 [26] Malik v BCCI [1998] AC 20 [27]Johnson v Unisys Limited [2001] IRLR 279 [28] [2003] IRLR 756 [29] [1999] IRLR 299 [30] There are other cases where the failure of the employer to take positive action was held to amount to a breach of trust and confidence, see e.g. TSB Bank v Harris [2000] IRLR 157 and Waltons v Morse Dorrington [1997] IRLR 488. See also Lindsay P in Croft v Consignia plc [2002] IRLR 851, 859

Radio Frequency Weapons and the Next Phase of Terrorism :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Radio Frequency Weapons and the Next Phase of Terrorism         Ã‚  Ã‚  Abstract:   This paper examines different types of radio frequency ("RF") weapons that are currently being developed.   It discusses the different types of weapons that currently exist, explains why they would be useful to terrorists, and explores different ways to defend against them.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recent media articles have put forth the idea of the "RF weapon," something that has been described as if it were a magical gun that can bring the United States to its knees.   While these weapons do exist, the threat they pose is far less widespread and dangerous than articles such as "RF Weapons Attacking Our Freedom?" propose.   Having said that, however, the threat is real, and steps need to be taken to defend against RF weaponry.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the first distinctions that should be drawn in this discussion is that between RF weapons and EMP weapons.   An EMP (electromagnetic pulse) is usually employed by detonating a thermonuclear devices at high altitudes (500 miles or more) above the Earth.   The resulting electromagnetic pulse cripples any electronic equipment within its path.   Thus, one nuclear device can be used to cripple the modern infrastructure of an entire nation [1].   An RF device is effective over a much smaller range, but it can cause just as much damage [2].      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to David Shriner, a former military engineer and expert on RF technology, there are a number of different types of RF weapons, which are also referred to as High Powered Microwave (HPM) weapons.   The first type is the conventional RF weapon, which sends out a concentrated band of radio waves toward a target.   These radio waves act in a way similar to the waves inside a normal microwave oven; given a sufficient amount of power, they can be used to heat and damage electronic equipment operating at the same frequency.   Because of this need to match frequency with the target, conventional RF weapons require prior research and intelligence before they can be deployed effectively by terrorists [3].      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A second, more insidious type of HPM weapon is what Shriner calls the Transient Electromagnetic Device (TED).   Instead of producing a sine wave at a particular frequency (as conventional RF devices do), the TED creates a sudden spike of energy that can last as little as 100 picoseconds (the amount of time it takes light to travel about 1.

John Locke Research Paper Essay

Throughout history there have been many philosophers that impacted the world. Philosophers such as John Locke have shaped today’s society in a number of ways. John Locke was extremely influential and has had some of the most lasting impacts on the ideas still to this day. John Locke has inspired a many of people throughout his lifetime and shaped the way for philosophers and great minds of the generations to come. John Locke was an English philosopher, born on August 29 1632, in Somerset, England. He was born into a Protestant family (Faiella 24). Locke’s mother died when he was an infant and he was raised by his father John, who is said to have had an influence on Locke’s views (24). In 1652, Locke attended Christ Church College to study medicine (25). However, Locke found the ideals and theories of modern philosophers of his time more interesting than the material he studied while at Christ Church, which led to Locke never pursuing a career as a doctor (25). Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper sought out Locke’s assistance to treat a liver cyst; Cooper soon became impressed with Locke and appointed Locke to be his advisor (28). Locke then joined the Royal. Society where he met individuals with whom he discussed mortality and religion, which resulted in the creation of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Powell, Jim Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty, and Property). Locke wanted to learn more and pursued a position in which he could examine toleration, education and trade, leading to Locke and Anthony Ashley Cooper working closely together (Powell, Jim John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty, and Property). Anthony Cooper was the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, and it was in the Shaftesbury household where some of Locke’s most influential ideas came alive. Cooper assisted in forming Locke’s ideas; it was within the Shaftesbury household during 1671 that the meeting, which resulted in the making of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, took place (25). Locke’s friendship with Cooper became complicated, causing Locke to move to Holland where he became connected with the English Rebels (Faiella 29). Eventually, Locke was placed on a list of 85 traitors who were wanted by the English government as a result of his works (29). During 1683, Locke used an alias, Dr. Van Der Linden, to sign letters being sent to his peers (Powell, Jim John Locke Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Locke was offered a pardon offered by William Penn but, Locke wouldn’t accept the pardon because he believed he didn’t do anything to deserve his criminal status and he stood by his beliefs (Faiella 30). In 1686 while in Holland Locke was meeting with peers to discuss philosophical ideals and plot to overthrow King James II. Locke was later removed from the list of traitors (31). After the Glorious Revolution Locke returned to England and helped draft the Toleration Act of 1689 (31). Locke believed in many things as a philosopher, one of Locke’s most known ideals was Natural Law. Locke strongly believed in Natural Law, which stated men have natural rights which cannot be given to you by rulers (Stephens, George M. John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy). Locke also believed in the Social Contract, which stated that, a persons moral or political obligations should rely on an agreement in order to form a society (John Locke: His American Carolinian Legacy). Locke strongly believed that people lived in a certain State of Nature before there was society. Locke stated that the State of Nature was when people lived with no judge, no laws and no punishment for their crimes (Treatises on Government). Locke thought that laws of society existed for the common good of the population as a whole (Treatises on Government). People could not break the social contract because it would result in chaos (Treatises on Government). Locke also believed that the government existed to assist the needs of the people and if it should not fulfill its job to the people, people had the right to overthrow the government (John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Locke believed that without a majority rule the social contract wouldn’t work (John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy). Therefore, Locke wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which was based on his beliefs and experiences (Powell, Jim. John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Locke also wrote a Letter Concerning Toleration, which discussed an idea of religious toleration for everyone except Atheists and Catholics. (John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Locke believed education is for liberty and that people learn by examples and that this is the way society should learn (John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Locke also fought for freedom of the press and opposed the renewal of the act for regulation of printing (John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Clearly, John Locke had a very big impact throughout the world, even though during his time he was viewed as a criminal for some of his ideas. Locke provoked revolutions in Europe, Latin America, and in Asia (Powell, Jim. John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). John Locke influenced the Declaration of the Rights of Men, in 1789 while in France, which recognized property rights. (Stephens, George M. John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy). Locke also influenced Montesquieu’s beliefs regarding the separation of powers (Powell, Jim. John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). Also one of Locke’s greatest influences was his assistance in inspiring the French Revolution (John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty and Property). John Locke influenced the United States in a number of different ways. For example, Locke’s Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government inspired the American Revolution (Powell, Jim. John Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty, and Property). Also, In the Declaration of Independence it states how King George violated his contract with the colonist, which was influenced by Locke’s ideas (Stephens, George M. John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy). The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution discusses property rights, which was also inspired by John Locke (John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy). In the constitution the legislative branch has more power than a single official but has no veto power, another ideal of Locke (John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy). In conclusion, John Locke inspired many people throughout history with his strong beliefs and ideals. Locke was criminalized and wanted for his beliefs. Locke’s ideas have influenced not only England or the United States of America, but have resulted in a change in the world. Locke inspired people of his time, and implemented lasting ideas and changes in the government, and Locke inspired other philosophers. Philosophers similar to Locke have used Locke’s ideas as a foundation to further mold the world we live in, and shape societies. John Locke has made a lasting impact and his ideas will continue to impact the world. Works Cited Faiella, Graham. †John Locke: His Life† John Locke:Champion of Modern Democracy New York: Rosen Group, 2005. 24-31. Print. Locke, John. Two Treatises on Government. 1690. Print. Powell,Jim â€Å"Jim Locke: Natural Right to Life, Liberty, and Property† The Freeman. Foundation for Economic Education. 1 August 1996. Web. 6 October 2014. Stephens, George M. â€Å"John Locke: His American and Carolinian legacy. † John Locke Foundation. N. D. Web. 2 October 2014.

Mission Statement For Apple Inc.

The company I choose to follow for the next 5. 5 weeks is Apple Inc.. They were founded on April 1, 1976 butt was incorporated on January 3, 1977. The founders were Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak (Sanford, 2013). Apple Inc. mission statement is â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad† (Apple Inc. 2013). When you look at a mission statement especially in this case, Apple Inc. mission statement acts as a guide to the company’s internal efficiencies because it shows all that they have accomplished as for products and services that they give to their clients and customers. Apple Inc. is rated number 6 on the fortune 500 list and they are number 6 because their missions statement makes their internal efficiencies for developing the cutting edge products and innovations. They to are always upgrading their models with either new versions or allowing downloads of the latest software so their products don’t go out of date. The only on that can define the future direction of Apple Inc. , is that of the internal efficiencies of the company for the change in its internal efforts. When you look at their mission statement their efforts are based on the products that they offer. If they have a new innovation from their efficiency and efforts internally than it can also build and re-word their mission statement. Their internal efforts are what makes their mission statement and why they are the leaders in technology. No efforts have gone with out recognition. When you think of Apple Inc. , you think of 100% their mission statement. I personally am an apple user on all levels. I use to never understand a Mac, Mp3 player or now an Ipod let alone an Ipad. However, the two founders had a dream and goals. Those dreams and goals were effectively brought out by the internal efforts and efficiencies of what they founded. They are the leaders in technology and have competitors following in their footsteps. I am interested in the future mission statement of Apple Inc. and how their efforts and efficiencies internal can make that statement grow and grow. I wonder when Siri will make her debut on the mission statement. Siri is a good example of Apple Inc. , efforts internally for being the leader, best, reinventing and creating the future in technology. All this is from the credit of their internal company. Apple Inc. (2013). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved from http://investor.apple.com/faq.cfm?FaqSetID=6 Sanford, G. (2013). Apple-history. Retrieved from http://apple-history.com/h1

Is man Good or Evil? Essay

Man is innately good, but has the ability to be evil. I believe that a majority of people do what they believe to be right. Whether they are correct or not is another matter. In order to be truly evil, I believe that one has to purposely, consciously, try to hurt others. Be it physically or mentally, a conscious effort to injure others is for no obvious benifit to the human race is evil. I also think that good and evil are on totally different planes than right and wrong. They do not go hand in hand. I believe this because good and evil in my mind are concrete, they do not change. Right and wrong, however, are more of an individual thing, which can not be confined to guidelines. As I said before, I believe that people try to do good most of the time. As in every rule, however, there is an exception. There are certain circumstances in life which can change the way a person acts. There is a definite duality within me. I am usually a good person. I open doors, push in chairs, listen to people, and help little kids. But, occasionally I catch myself thinking about how I could make someone feel bad. I automatically feel my face turn red, and that would be the end of the thought. But I think once in a while everyone thinks something like, ‘He would really be embarrassed if I told everyone about that time at camp. Plus I could get him back,’ or something like, ‘She doesn’t deserve that. What if they found out what she did last year.’ This is not exactly evil thoughts, but it can quite possibly lead to evil actions. Prejudice is another form of evil that produces alienation and war. I have certain prejudices that I carry and I am not very proud of them, though often my instinct about a person is right. My major prejudice is against people who cannot grasp new concepts at a relatively quick rate, or those who cannot understand quickly. Somebody put it best by saying, ‘Oh, you mean the stupid people.’ I truly do hate calling them that, because often what they don’t succeed at academically, they make it up through artistic talents, athletic, or mechanical talents. But the people I have no respect for are those w ho I know can think for themselves, and understand things, but choose not to. I sometimes have trouble understanding if a person just absolutely cannot get it. I have a couple of friends who are that way, and they just cannot figure out trig. or chemistry. I just get frustrated and want to yell, ‘Why don’t you get this? Why can’t you understand that the thirty-sixty triangle always has a 1-2- 3 ratio!?’ But I can’t because one, I would seem like a total jerk, which I probably would be, and two, they are my friends. Then there are those people who dress and act, and are in fact, ‘druggies’. This prejudice kind of ties in with the first one because if the person is intelligent, than I have absolutely no problem with them dressing etc. like they do. But if they are one of the people who think that the cranium is a type of juice, then I seriously get so stressed out that I want to grab them by their lapels and shake them to jump start the brain I know they have. How does this effect my life? I know that it puts a great amount of extra stress on me that I could definitely live with out. But it also really makes me fell bad that I feel this way. I think that I am pretty open minded when it comes to the types of prejudice that are usually discussed, such as racism and sexism. I also am not homophobic and usually do not discriminate on the basis of age. In fact, I am very much biased against the people that are such. However, I believe that my prejudices are not something which contribute to hate crimes, the deaths of minorities or the dreams of a young girl. I feel that my biases are very much benign. A Shaker saying is something which if all men lived by, the world would be a ahppy place. Mary Whitcher said,’Be slow to anger, slow to blame, and slow to plead thy cause. but swift to speak of any gain that gives thy friend applause.

Mercedes Benz Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mercedes Benz Company - Case Study Example The deal created a new entity, DaimlerChrysler, which was the highest revenue earner in Germany. The best of technology, safety and comfort in automobiles came together to create the world's best known car company. "Responding to changes and challenges in the European marketplace, Mercedes-Benz's German truck business embarked on a project with Accenture to define and implement a sales and marketing strategy. The team designed, developed and implemented customer-oriented products and services. Accenture performed 10 pilots to implement the sales strategy, followed by a rollout at the retail level. The value creation for Mercedes-Benz Trucks includes a reorganized sales organization, as the division also has seen additional revenue from increased vehicle sales and penetration rates in services-not to mention more focused and efficient customer service." The sale of the Chrysler group to Cerberus Capital Management giving it 80% in the new company in August 2007 and the change of name from DaimlerChrysler to Daimler AG seems to be a tactical decision. The sale reportedly took place for US$6billion. This might have helped it overcome the losses it had suffered in 2006 and restore profitability in 2008. Keeping all the above in mind, information quality is of ut... 3.Identify the information likely to be needed to take each of the decisions identified in task 2 and explain how issues of information quality may apply to this information. 1. A very professional attitude to business. 2. Knowledge of market competitors and a will to merge with the competition if deemed fit for the growth of the business. 3. Innovation (new models), adoption of latest technology (simulators), application of information obtained from market surveys (Accenture survey in 2003). 4. In-depth market intelligence. Take into account complete global/regional scenario and demand for a particular vehicle before launching it in the market. Keeping all the above in mind, information quality is of utmost importance as the right information would lead to right decisions about the adoption of technology for launching new vehicles, dealership issues, outsourcing of labour and parts, government incentives/subsidies to look for and the kind of vehicle to be launched in a particular region. Successful trade leads could also mean more business in strategic and new locations. With the rise of e-commerce, it becomes not only necessary, but also easy to have access to quality information about the market competion. 4.Give at least 4 documented examples of competitor intelligence which are likely to be of interest to your company. Do not repeat material used in task 3. 1. Competition from Lexus According to Dan Lienert in Showroom Showdown dated 09.08.05, http://www.forbes.com/vehicles/2005/09/08/Lexus-Mercedes-convertibles-cx_dl_0908show_ls.html (accessed April 23, 2008) "In the first eight months of 2004, Lexus sold 141% more SCs in the U.S. than Mercedes sold SLKs--6,607 vs. 2,745. Pricing

Is woman better cost saver Study on board gender diversity and cost of Research Proposal

Is woman better cost saver Study on board gender diversity and cost of capital in Hong Kong - Research Proposal Example In addition, many organisations witnessed better degree of management and governance with involvement of women workforce in boards and management teams (Farrell and Hersch 85-106; Standard Chartered Bank 1-60). In a number of countries, specifically, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States, gender diversity in a company’s board is being given a lot of importance due to its positive impact on the company’s performance (Terjesen and Singh 55-63). The legal and regulatory organisations have become a constant source of encouragement for board diversity. In Europe, jurisdictions have enacted laws that favours gender diversity in company’s board. Similar trend has been noticed in other countries, namely, Australia, Canada, Norway, Singapore and the United States (Grosvold, Brammer and Rayton 344-357; Terjesen and Singh 55-63). In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission made it official in 2009 for listed firms to disclose about their board formation, involvement of gender diversity in its boards and its impact (UK Government; Weir and Laing 86-95). In 2012, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange pointed greater emphasis on gender diversity as an important component of corporate governance framework. In Hong Kong, board diversity is considered important by internal as well as external shareholders in various listed companies due to certain reasons: Notwithstanding that gender diversity on board has gained importance in many countries nowadays, it has been understood so far that all existing literatures have mainly focused on gender diversity in companies located in western countries, while very little research has been done on Asian countries, such as, China, especially in Hong Kong. The aim of the research proposal is to evaluate the degree of gender diversity in the boards of Hong Kong’s listed companies and their impact on